[{"command":"settings","settings":{"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx9jEsSAiEQQy80wJl6AAcU6C7SaOHpdeOnWMwueS8VXwiYrnGImx9Qru4KW0kMSg4RiR9_XGn_NOgsuR12H6rczDvfVuVJNHNb8fd8FXfq9sJNDfIzWs8yzxeJFcJ6PtJIiN2gbkKdjk6S4EIfQsX-iB1Nxl4yUgwvopdrLQ","theme":"custom","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"a07c3568ddab4d102df114df4b3f0cce8ec210da3e77b107ca811405321696df"}},"merge":true},{"command":"add_css","data":[{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_ybQT1xvHYtSuJkjTktj8skVWiCkfy6MnnuIElj7C4Eg.css?delta=0\u0026language=nl\u0026theme=custom\u0026include=eJx9ikEWwiAMBS8k9EyRpjUKJC_5VOvpdc2iu3kzU9R5WX0Y1UxP-tzKCGhbAmeVvuf7ALSnP7_mVMgg2mfdyFJUWXkO8RZjn-1BnjftSCFfzkXtvD4eijDF9QSmYE_Rfi7AVxk"},{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_mQ05_oXWB1Cyy2Y6xJgXniuINTkQT1BjE97p2mpyr_Y.css?delta=1\u0026language=nl\u0026theme=custom\u0026include=eJx9ikEWwiAMBS8k9EyRpjUKJC_5VOvpdc2iu3kzU9R5WX0Y1UxP-tzKCGhbAmeVvuf7ALSnP7_mVMgg2mfdyFJUWXkO8RZjn-1BnjftSCFfzkXtvD4eijDF9QSmYE_Rfi7AVxk"}]},{"command":"add_js","selector":"body","data":[{"src":"\/core\/assets\/vendor\/jquery\/jquery.min.js?v=4.0.0-rc.1"},{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/js\/js_9m7Nce_-HKBO0UQw0tpsbN2_oAc1vfJ42RMo-cuDs-E.js?scope=footer\u0026delta=1\u0026language=nl\u0026theme=custom\u0026include=eJxLLi0uyc_VzyrWy00s0C3OyUxJLc7IL9dJhouXJCYBABITDks"}]},{"command":"insert","method":"html","selector":"#swiper__dock","data":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022swiper-wrap\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022swiper js-swiper\u0022 data-swiper-pagination=\u0022false\u0022 data-swiper-navigation=\u0022false\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cul class=\u0022swiper-wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n\n        \u003Csection class=\u0022node node--type-hotspot map-slide map-slide--no-image\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n            \n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__poppy\u0022 aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Ch2 class=\u0022map-slide__title\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n                  De Opiumkit ca. 1910\n\n              \u003C\/h2\u003E\n                \u003Ch2 class=\u0022map-slide__title\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    The Opium Den (approx 1910)\n  \u003C\/h2\u003E\n\n              \n              \n              \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022 class=\u0022button-link map-slide__begin js-swiper__slide-to\u0022 data-slide-to=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EBekijken\u003C\/span\u003E\n              \u003C\/button\u003E\n              \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022en\u0022 class=\u0022button-link map-slide__begin js-swiper__slide-to\u0022 data-slide-to=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EDiscover\u003C\/span\u003E\n              \u003C\/button\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003C\/section\u003E\n\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n                \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--hotspot-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0362-001jpgwebpitokfqhn6goa\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/0362-001.jpg?itok=lND2IHyE\u0022 title=\u0022Chinese restaurants op Katendrecht. Bron: Collectie Spaarnestad via Nationaal Archief.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003ETerug\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n            \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022en\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EReturn\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0362-001jpgwebpitokfqhn6goa\u0022\u003E\n          Chinese restaurants op Katendrecht. Bron: Collectie Spaarnestad via Nationaal Archief.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EVanaf 1911 gaan Nederlandse stoomvaartmaatschappijen een nieuwe groep zeelieden rekruteren, afkomstig uit de maritieme provincies in Zuid-China: Guangdong en Fujian, gelegen bij Kanton (Guangzhou), Hongkong en Macao: deels omdat deze zeelieden goedkoper zijn dan Nederlandse zeelieden, en deels om de macht van de vakbonden te breken. Al snel openen Chinese ondernemers, de wervingsagenten of \u003Cem\u003Eshipping masters\u003C\/em\u003E, die de bemanningen rekruteren voor de maatschappijen, logementen in de havendistricten, rond de Amsterdamse Nieuwmarkt en op het Rotterdamse Katendrecht. Hier ontstaan \u2018Chinatowns\u2019 met een eigen cultuur waar de Nederlandse politie weinig greep op heeft inclusief gokhuizen en opiumkitten.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EFrom 1911 onwards, Dutch steamship companies started recruiting new shipping crews from the maritime provinces in South China: Guangdong and Fujian, located near Canton (Guangzhou), Hong Kong and Macao: partly because these crews were cheaper than Dutch crews and were not organized in trade unions. Soon Chinese entrepreneurs, who recruited the Chinese crews for the companies, opened lodgings in the harbor districts, around the Amsterdam Nieuwmarkt the Rotterdam Katendrecht quarters. Here, \u0027Chinatowns\u0027 arose with their own culture, including gambling houses and opium dens. For the Dutch police the Chinatowns were difficult to control.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--hotspot-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel  js-tab-panel-active \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsdscf3307jpgwebpitokwt3bnbx5\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/dscf3307.jpg?itok=4GU6XKJH\u0022 title=\u0022Opiumpijp. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsurn-gvn-sfa03-sfa022809903-largejpegwebpitokmzsscyy1\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/urn-gvn-sfa03-sfa022809903-large.jpeg?itok=y9gTg_cb\u0022 title=\u0022Bereiding van een \u0026#039;opiumpil\u0026#039; voor in een opiumpijp (voor 1925). Bron: Fotocollectie Het Leven via Nationaal Archief.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003ETerug\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n            \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022en\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EReturn\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/dscf3307.jpg.webp?itok=Wt3Bnbx5\u0022 title=\u0022Opiumpijp. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Opiumpijp. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022false\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/urn-gvn-sfa03-sfa022809903-large.jpeg.webp?itok=mZSScyy1\u0022 title=\u0022Bereiding van een \u0026#039;opiumpil\u0026#039; voor in een opiumpijp (voor 1925). Bron: Fotocollectie Het Leven via Nationaal Archief.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Bereiding van een \u0026#039;opiumpil\u0026#039; voor in een opiumpijp (voor 1925). Bron: Fotocollectie Het Leven via Nationaal Archief.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra  js-tab-item-extra--active \u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Opiumpijp. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra \u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Bereiding van een \u0026#039;opiumpil\u0026#039; voor in een opiumpijp (voor 1925). Bron: Fotocollectie Het Leven via Nationaal Archief.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EOpiumroken, ter recreatie maar ook om de pijn van een zware werkdag te kunnen beheersen, is populair geraakt in het achttiende- en negentiende-eeuwse China dankzij het overnemen van het gebruik van pijpen van westerse zeelieden.\u0026nbsp;Opiumroken wordt een integraal onderdeel van het sociale en culturele leven in Guangdong en Fujian. Gescheiden door bergen van de rest van China heeft dit gebied een eigen opium gebruikscultuur.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EOpium smoking, for recreation as well as to manage the pain of a hard day\u0027s work, became popular in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century China due to the adoption of the use of pipes by Western sailors. Opium smoking became an integral part of social and cultural life in Guangdong and Fujian. Separated from the rest of China by mountains, this area had its own culture of opium use.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--hotspot-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel  js-tab-panel-active \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsdscf3245jpgwebpitokd08xsgga\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/dscf3245.jpg?itok=uTXwCH0z\u0022 title=\u0022Opium in beslag genomen te Katendrecht. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0362-003jpgwebpitokepjse2bp\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/0362-003.jpg?itok=NmCwNR9l\u0022 title=\u0022Opium gevonden op schip (1962). Bron: Fotocollectie Anefo via Nationaal Archief.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003ETerug\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n            \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022en\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EReturn\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/dscf3245.jpg.webp?itok=d08XSGgA\u0022 title=\u0022Opium in beslag genomen te Katendrecht. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Opium in beslag genomen te Katendrecht. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022false\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/0362-003.jpg.webp?itok=ePjsE2BP\u0022 title=\u0022Opium gevonden op schip (1962). Bron: Fotocollectie Anefo via Nationaal Archief.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Opium gevonden op schip (1962). Bron: Fotocollectie Anefo via Nationaal Archief.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra  js-tab-item-extra--active \u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Opium in beslag genomen te Katendrecht. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra \u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Opium gevonden op schip (1962). Bron: Fotocollectie Anefo via Nationaal Archief.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EChinese genootschappen en bendes faciliteren de activiteiten van opiumsmokkelaars, waarbij de shipping masters mee profiteren maar tegelijk buiten schot blijven. Het zijn leden van de door de shipping masters geleverde bemanningen die opium ophalen in de havens op de route van Nederlands-Indi\u00eb naar Nederland. Rotterdamse politie-inspecteurs treffen bij inbeslagnames vooral opium uit Turkije, en soms ook uit China aan. Dit kan ruwe opium zijn, die dan in de Chinatowns wordt ingekookt tot het consumeerbare rookopium dat met pijpen gerookt wordt door de consument.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EChinese societies and gangs (triads) facilitated the activities of opium smugglers on the ships. With \u2018permission\u2019 of the ship master crew members picked up the opium in the ports on the route from the Dutch East Indies to the Netherlands. Rotterdam police inspectors mainly found opium from Turkey, and sometimes also from China, during seizures. This was mostly raw opium, which was then further processed in the Chinatowns into the consumable smoke opium that was smoked with pipes by the primarily Chinese consumers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--hotspot-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsurn-gvn-sfa03-sfa001007026-largejpegwebpitokegfrqvvj\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/urn-gvn-sfa03-sfa001007026-large.jpeg?itok=ufdvqgjZ\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#039;Opiumschuiver\u0026#039; te Rotterdam (1922). Bron: Fotocollectie Het Leven via Nationaal Archief.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003ETerug\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n            \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022en\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EReturn\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsurn-gvn-sfa03-sfa001007026-largejpegwebpitokegfrqvvj\u0022\u003E\n          \u0026#039;Opiumschuiver\u0026#039; te Rotterdam (1922). Bron: Fotocollectie Het Leven via Nationaal Archief.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003ESchattingen van het percentage opiumrokers onder de Chinezen in Nederland in de jaren dertig lopen op tot maar liefst 75 procent. De politie tolereert de opiumkitten zolang er geen Nederlanders komen. Nog in de jaren zeventig zijn de kitten te vinden in Amsterdam en Rotterdam.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EEstimates of the percentage of opium smokers among the Chinese in the Netherlands in the 1930s run as high as 75 percent. The police tolerated the opium dens as long as no Dutch customers would visit the dens. The opium dens could still be found in Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the 1970s.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--hotspot-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0362-005jpgwebpitokcihophvz\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/0362-005.jpg?itok=-1gAkcy0\u0022 title=\u0022Opiumkit Amsterdam (1972). Bron: Collectie Internationaal Insituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis via Europeana.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003ETerug\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n            \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022en\u0022 class=\u0022button-link button-link--with-icon map-slide__back js-swiper__home\u0022\u003E\n              \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--arrow-left button-link__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-arrow-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n              \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EReturn\u003C\/span\u003E\n            \u003C\/button\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?4g3ttouvxmbs#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0362-005jpgwebpitokcihophvz\u0022\u003E\n          Opiumkit Amsterdam (1972). Bron: Collectie Internationaal Insituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis via Europeana.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EEen Chinees vertelt hoe hij na de Tweede Wereldoorlog als jongen door zijn moeder wordt gestuurd om zijn vader uit een gokhuis in de Amsterdamse Binnen Bantammerstraat te halen. In het donker ziet hij mensen op matrassen opium roken. Maar over opium wordt verder niet gesproken in de gemeenschap. Nog rond 1970 krijgt een Nederlandse pati\u00ebnt met gezondheidsklachten in Rotterdam, van zijn huisarts het advies een opiumkit te bezoeken. Er zijn alleen Chinezen in de kit, die uitgestrekt op strooien matten waterpijpen liggen te roken. De pati\u00ebnt heeft het gevoel dat hij hier de eerste blanke is die ooit binnen is gekomen. Hij mag er niet roken, maar koopt vijf gram rookopium voor 15 gulden (meer dan 30 euro in koopkracht vandaag de dag) \u2013 een hoeveelheid die hem twee weken gaande kan houden.\u003Cbr\u003E\n\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EA Chinese witness tells how after the Second World War he was sent as a boy by his mother to get his father out of a gambling house in Amsterdam\u0027s Binnen Bantammerstraat. In the dark he sees people smoking opium on mattresses. But opium was not spoken of in the Chinese community. Around 1970, a Dutch patient with health problems in Rotterdam was advised by his GP to visit an opium den. There were only Chinese in the den, stretched out on straw mats and smoking opium. \u2018The patient feels like he\u0027s the first white person to have ever come in here. He is not allowed to smoke there, but buys five grams of smoke opium for 15 guilders\u2019 (more than 30 euros in purchasing power today) \u2013 an amount that could keep him going for two weeks.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n\n      \n    \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n","settings":{"nfm_settings":{"map":true,"type":"hotspot","dock_id":"swiper__dock"}}}]