[{"command":"settings","settings":{"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx9jEsSAiEQQy80wJl6AAcU6C7SaOHpdeOnWMwueS8VXwiYrnGImx9Qru4KW0kMSg4RiR9_XGn_NOgsuR12H6rczDvfVuVJNHNb8fd8FXfq9sJNDfIzWs8yzxeJFcJ6PtJIiN2gbkKdjk6S4EIfQsX-iB1Nxl4yUgwvopdrLQ","theme":"custom","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"a07c3568ddab4d102df114df4b3f0cce8ec210da3e77b107ca811405321696df"}},"merge":true},{"command":"add_css","data":[{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_TwQK3eyGB_GrcYbtiXSJTwLLxCGah4xZDfZ5-HK8hT0.css?delta=0\u0026language=nl\u0026theme=custom\u0026include=eJx9ikEWwiAMBS8k9EyRpjUKJC_5VOvpdc2iu3kzU9R5WX0Y1UxP-tzKCGhbAmeVvuf7ALSnP7_mVMgg2mfdyFJUWXkO8RZjn-1BnjftSCFfzkXtvD4eijDF9QSmYE_Rfi7AVxk"},{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_VC2g-nj68gy-MwQZlbB4fs7A5u58HM0iMU0Jtd9Pec0.css?delta=1\u0026language=nl\u0026theme=custom\u0026include=eJx9ikEWwiAMBS8k9EyRpjUKJC_5VOvpdc2iu3kzU9R5WX0Y1UxP-tzKCGhbAmeVvuf7ALSnP7_mVMgg2mfdyFJUWXkO8RZjn-1BnjftSCFfzkXtvD4eijDF9QSmYE_Rfi7AVxk"}]},{"command":"add_js","selector":"body","data":[{"src":"\/core\/assets\/vendor\/jquery\/jquery.min.js?v=4.0.0"},{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/js\/js_8f1d6DQP33e-_AXyIg6OoOgDBK3VtEjlXHPZpotwxF0.js?scope=footer\u0026delta=1\u0026language=nl\u0026theme=custom\u0026include=eJxLLi0uyc_VzyrWy00s0C3OyUxJLc7IL9dJhouXJCYBABITDks"}]},{"command":"insert","method":"html","selector":"#swiper__dock","data":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022swiper-wrap\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022swiper js-swiper\u0022 data-swiper-pagination=\u0022false\u0022 data-swiper-navigation=\u0022false\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cul class=\u0022swiper-wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n\n        \u003Csection class=\u0022node node--type-map map-slide map-slide--no-image\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n            \n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__poppy\u0022 aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Ch2 class=\u0022map-slide__title\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n                  Batavia\n\n              \u003C\/h2\u003E\n                \u003Ch2 class=\u0022map-slide__title\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    Batavia (Capital of the Dutch East Indies)\n  \u003C\/h2\u003E\n\n                \u003Cp class=\u0022map-slide__subtitle\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    De VOC en de koloniale staat als opiumhandelaar\n  \u003C\/p\u003E\n\n                \u003Cp class=\u0022map-slide__subtitle\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    Opium trade by the Dutch East Indies Company and the Dutch Colonial Empire\n  \u003C\/p\u003E\n\n              \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022 class=\u0022button-link map-slide__begin js-swiper__slide-to\u0022 data-slide-to=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EBekijken\u003C\/span\u003E\n              \u003C\/button\u003E\n              \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022en\u0022 class=\u0022button-link map-slide__begin js-swiper__slide-to\u0022 data-slide-to=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EDiscover\u003C\/span\u003E\n              \u003C\/button\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003C\/section\u003E\n\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n                \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapssk-a-19jpgwebpitokhc8spepl\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/sk-a-19.jpg?itok=dKJnJ1C4\u0022 title=\u0022Het kasteel van Batavia (Andries Beeckman, 1662). Bron: Rijksmuseum via Rijksstudio.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapssk-a-19jpgwebpitokhc8spepl\u0022\u003E\n          Het kasteel van Batavia (Andries Beeckman, 1662). Bron: Rijksmuseum via Rijksstudio.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EVoor de VOC en voor haar opvolger, de Nederlandse staat, was de opiumhandel in Nederlands-Indi\u00eb een belangrijke bron van inkomsten. De VOC probeerde daarom een monopolie op de opiumhandel te verdedigen tegen smokkelaars en illegale handelaren. In 1678 verleende de sultan van Mataram op Java het monopolie op opiumhandel aan de VOC, waardoor particuliere handel verboden werd. In de hoofdstad Batavia mocht ruwe opium all\u00e9\u00e9n worden verkocht vanuit de magazijnen van de compagnie. De afzet van ruwe opium steeg zo van 187 pond in 1640 tot 67.444 Nederlandse ponden in 1670.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EThe opium trade in the Dutch East Indies was an important source of income for the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC). The VOC therefore tried to defend its monopoly on the opium trade against smugglers and illegal traders. In 1678, the sultan of Mataram on the Indonesian island of Java granted a monopoly on the opium trade to the VOC, prohibiting private trade. In the capital, Batavia, raw opium could only be sold from the company\u0027s warehouses. The sale of raw opium rose from 187 pounds in 1640 to 67,444 Dutch pounds in 1670.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsdscf3348jpgwebpitok3zhpqlbz\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/dscf3348.jpg?itok=d6KgpNNb\u0022 title=\u0022Beeld van een opiumroker te Java. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsdscf3348jpgwebpitok3zhpqlbz\u0022\u003E\n          Beeld van een opiumroker te Java. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EOpium is in de Indonesische archipel vanouds een geneesmiddel. Vanaf de zestiende eeuw gaan westerlingen het middel ook in verband brengen met \u003Cem\u003Eamok \u003C\/em\u003Emaken door\u0026nbsp;Sumatraanse krijgers. Dit staat haaks op het historische beeld van de passieve opiumroker.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EOpium has traditionally been a medicine in the Indonesian archipelago. From the sixteenth century, Westerners also associated the drug with running amok by Sumatran warriors. This is at odds with our historical image of the passive opium smoker.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsurn-gvn-pkl01-mm-495-004-largejpegwebpitok-s7esqh-\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/urn-gvn-pkl01-mm-495-004-large.jpeg?itok=cnhJ-LX5\u0022 title=\u0022Drie \u0026#039;opiumschuivers\u0026#039; op Java (1897). Bron: Bijzondere Collecties Leiden via Het Geheugen.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsurn-gvn-pkl01-mm-495-004-largejpegwebpitok-s7esqh-\u0022\u003E\n          Drie \u0026#039;opiumschuivers\u0026#039; op Java (1897). Bron: Bijzondere Collecties Leiden via Het Geheugen.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003ERond 1800 ontstaat er een toenemend negatief beeld van de opiumhandel. Artsen krijgen oog voor de afhankelijkheidsproblemen die kunnen voortkomen uit opiumgebruik. In een geneeskundig rapport wordt opium beschreven als een \u2018langzaam vergif\u2019. Een verbod zou een weldaad voor miljoenen mensen zijn. Tegelijkertijd gelooft men dat een verbod zou kunnen leiden tot een toename van de smokkelhandel. Een\u0026nbsp;\u2018oplossing\u2019 wordt gevonden: staatscontrole over productie en consumptie.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EAround 1800, an increasingly negative image of the opium trade emerged in the Netherlands. Dutch doctors were becoming aware of the dependency problems that could arise from opium use. A Dutch medical report describes opium as a \u0022slow poison\u0022. A ban would benefit millions of people. At the same time, it was believed that a ban could lead to an increase in the smuggling trade. A \u201csolution\u201d was found: state control over production and consumption.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-004jpgwebpitokqpzzq2ov\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/0347-004.jpg?itok=wlZ7_IcV\u0022 title=\u0022Portret van Herman Willem Daendels.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-004jpgwebpitokqpzzq2ov\u0022\u003E\n          Portret van Herman Willem Daendels.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EGouverneur-generaal Daendels start in 1808 met de regulering van de opiumverkoop aan consumenten op geheel Java. Hij doet dit door de verpachting van Staatswege van de opiumkitten waar gebruikt wordt. Na 1816 volgen de buitengewesten. Het pachtreglement van 1821 laat de invoer vrij (mits invoerrechten betaald worden), maar verkoop is alleen toegestaan in de verpachte opiumkitten met vaste tijden en beperkte toegang.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EIn 1808, Governor-General Daendels began regulating opium sales to consumers throughout Java. He did this through the state lease of the opium dens where opium was sold and smoked. After 1816 the outer regions followed suit. The lease regulations of 1821 allowed for free importation (subject to payment of import duties), but sales were only allowed in the leased opium dens with fixed times and limited access.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-005jpgwebpitokcrna0tdq\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/0347-005.jpg?itok=ulF5w8AX\u0022 title=\u0022Smokkelcent (1831). Bron: Collectie Belasting \u0026amp; Douane Museum via Het Geheugen.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-005jpgwebpitokcrna0tdq\u0022\u003E\n          Smokkelcent (1831). Bron: Collectie Belasting \u0026amp; Douane Museum via Het Geheugen.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003ENaar schatting is in de tweede helft van negentiende eeuw meer dan helft van de opiumhandel op Java illegaal, terwijl de handel formeel in handen van de staat ligt. Smokkelaars bedenken allerlei creatieve manieren om opium bij hun klanten te krijgen, zoals bijvoorbeeld deze smokkelcent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EIt is estimated that in the second half of the nineteenth century more than half of the opium trade on the Indonesian Island of Java was illegal, even though the trade was formally in the hands of the Dutch Colonial State. Smugglers came up with all kinds of creative ways to get opium to their customers, such as this smuggling penny.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-006jpgwebpitokdxaqmue7\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/0347-006.jpg?itok=b2_GyEZ5\u0022 title=\u0022Prentkaart met foto van Opiumfabriek Weltevreden. Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-006jpgwebpitokdxaqmue7\u0022\u003E\n          Prentkaart met foto van Opiumfabriek Weltevreden. Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003ETussen 1894 en 1914 wordt in geheel Nederlands-Indi\u00eb geleidelijk een nieuw systeem, de \u003Cem\u003EOpiumregie\u003C\/em\u003E, ingevoerd, te beginnen met een experiment op Madoera. Hierbij komt de gehele keten van productie tot distributie in handen van de staat en worden de Chinese opiumpachters (die niet vertrouwd worden en vaak zelf betrokken zijn bij smokkel) buiten spel gezet. Java volgt in 1904 en in 1914 is het laatste buitengewest, Nieuw-Guinea, aan de beurt. Onder de Opiumregie wordt de opium door de staat ingevoerd en in een eigen fabriek tot rookopium verwerkt. In 1894 wordt op een landgoed bij Batavia de eerste opiumfabriek van de Opiumregie gebouwd. In 1901 is er een grotere nodig in de Bataafse wijk Weltevreden.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EBetween 1894 and 1914, a new system, the Opium Regie, was gradually introduced throughout the Dutch East Indies, starting with an experiment on the island of Madura. The entire chain from production to distribution was in the hands of the state, and the Chinese opium traders (who were not trusted and often themselves involved in smuggling) were sidelined. Java followed in 1904 and in 1914 the last outlying region, New Guinea. Under the Opium Regime, the opium was imported by the state and processed into opium for smoking in its own factory. In 1894, the first opium factory of the Dutch Opium Regime was built on an estate near the Dutch colonial capital Batavia. In 1901 a larger one was established in the Batavian district of Weltevreden.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel  js-tab-panel-active \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-007jpgwebpitokcl7ya5-h\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/0347-007.jpg?itok=d2lvr2v_\u0022 title=\u0022Het opensnijden van bollen in een opiumfabriek te Batavia. Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen via Wikimedia.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsdscf3296jpgwebpitoklzimnvp-\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/dscf3296.jpg?itok=Bq3ZYwGB\u0022 title=\u0022Opium bol. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/0347-007.jpg.webp?itok=Cl7Ya5-h\u0022 title=\u0022Het opensnijden van bollen in een opiumfabriek te Batavia. Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen via Wikimedia.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Het opensnijden van bollen in een opiumfabriek te Batavia. Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen via Wikimedia.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022false\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/dscf3296.jpg.webp?itok=LzImNVP-\u0022 title=\u0022Opium bol. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Opium bol. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra  js-tab-item-extra--active \u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Het opensnijden van bollen in een opiumfabriek te Batavia. Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen via Wikimedia.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra \u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Opium bol. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EEen document uit 1915 beschrijft de productie en verkoop van opium uit de fabriek in Batavia. De ruwe opium is afkomstig uit India en de Levant. Ruwe opium wordt geleverd in ronde bollen omhuld door gedroogde papaverbladen.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EA document from 1915 describes the production and sale of opium from the factory in Batavia. The raw opium came from India and the Levant. Raw opium was transported in round bulbs, so-called \u2018cannon balls\u2019, rolled in dried poppy leaves.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel  js-tab-panel-active \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsdscf3278jpgwebpitokanaysxkt\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/dscf3278.jpg?itok=XoyLBDs6\u0022 title=\u0022Verpakking rookopium. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsdscf3262jpgwebpitok0ypplfje\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/dscf3262.jpg?itok=ChFzdK93\u0022 title=\u0022Twee potten \u0026#039;Djitjing.\u0026#039; Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/dscf3278.jpg.webp?itok=ANAYSXKt\u0022 title=\u0022Verpakking rookopium. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Verpakking rookopium. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022false\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/dscf3262.jpg.webp?itok=0YpPlFje\u0022 title=\u0022Twee potten \u0026#039;Djitjing.\u0026#039; Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Twee potten \u0026#039;Djitjing.\u0026#039; Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra  js-tab-item-extra--active \u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Verpakking rookopium. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra \u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Twee potten \u0026#039;Djitjing.\u0026#039; Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EDe ruwe grondstoffen worden steeds verder ingedikt. Het eindproduct, de rookopium, heeft een morfinepercentage van zes tot acht procent en is daarmee krachtiger dan andere voorheen gebruikte soorten. Aan deze \u2018Tsjandoe\u2019 wordt nog \u201cDjiting\u201d toegevoegd. Dit chemische bijmengsel blijft bij gebruik van de opium achter in de opiumpijp. Het dient als onderscheidingsmiddel tussen legaal- en illegaal geproduceerd opium.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EThe raw materials are increasingly concentrated. The end product, smoke opium, has a morphine percentage of six to eight percent, making it more potent than other previously used opium products. \u201cDjiting\u201d is added to this \u201cTshandu\u201d. This chemical additive remains in the opium pipe when the opium is used. It serves as a means to distinguish between legally and illegally produced opium.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel  js-tab-panel-active \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsdscf3285draai3jpgwebpitokuxxmowwi\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/dscf3285draai3.jpg?itok=eUJR2tio\u0022 title=\u0022Verpakkingen staatsopium. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-009jpgwebpitok8dvphhwz\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/0347-009.jpg?itok=BSykcRVr\u0022 title=\u0022Handelsverpakking staatsopium (1910). Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/dscf3285draai3.jpg.webp?itok=uxxmoWWi\u0022 title=\u0022Verpakkingen staatsopium. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Verpakkingen staatsopium. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022false\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/0347-009.jpg.webp?itok=8dvPhhWz\u0022 title=\u0022Handelsverpakking staatsopium (1910). Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Handelsverpakking staatsopium (1910). Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra  js-tab-item-extra--active \u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Verpakkingen staatsopium. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra \u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Handelsverpakking staatsopium (1910). Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EDe \u2018Tsjandoe,\u2019 het gestandiseerde eindproduct, wordt vervolgens verpakt in tinnen tubes. De tubes, verkrijgbaar in 7 verschillende maten, krijgen een merk en worden in \u2018geringe hoeveelheid\u2019 gedistribueerd. Tevens zitten er volgens het document zogenaamde \u2018anti-opiumpillen\u2019 bij bestellingen, die van tevoren zijn ingekocht in China.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EThe \u0027Tshandu\u0027, the standardized end product, is then packed in tin tubes. The tubes, available in 7 different sizes, were branded and distributed in \u0022low quantities\u0022. Also, according to the document, there were so-called \u0022anti-opium pills\u0022, which were purchased in advance in China.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-010jpgwebpitokve9fm6me\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/0347-010.jpg?itok=LeToAhAL\u0022 title=\u0022Verkoopplaats (Tsjandoe) (1895-1905). Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmaps0347-010jpgwebpitokve9fm6me\u0022\u003E\n          Verkoopplaats (Tsjandoe) (1895-1905). Bron: Collectie Wereldculturen.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EOok distributie en kleinhandel (in speciale opiumwinkels) komen in staatshanden met als doel de Chinese tussenhandelaren buiten spel te zetten.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EDistribution and retail trade (in special opium shops) were also taken over by the Dutch colonial state, with the aim of eliminating Chinese intermediaries.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n\n      \n    \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022js-swiper__pagination swiper__pagination\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cul class=\u0022js-swiper__navigation swiper__navigation-list\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper__navigation-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022js-swiper__prev swiper__navigation-button\u0022\u003E\n          \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--swiper-nav icon--swiper-nav-prev swiper__navigation-icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-swiper-nav-arrow\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003ENaar vorige slide\u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper__navigation-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022js-swiper__next swiper__navigation-button\u0022\u003E\n          \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--swiper-nav icon--swiper-nav-next swiper__navigation-icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?h6tw98lwcxwd#icon-swiper-nav-arrow\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003ENaar volgende slide\u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n    \u003C\/ul\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n","settings":{"nfm_settings":{"map":true,"type":"map","dock_id":"swiper__dock"}}}]