[{"command":"settings","settings":{"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx9jEsSAiEQQy80wJl6AAcU6C7SaOHpdeOnWMwueS8VXwiYrnGImx9Qru4KW0kMSg4RiR9_XGn_NOgsuR12H6rczDvfVuVJNHNb8fd8FXfq9sJNDfIzWs8yzxeJFcJ6PtJIiN2gbkKdjk6S4EIfQsX-iB1Nxl4yUgwvopdrLQ","theme":"custom","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"a07c3568ddab4d102df114df4b3f0cce8ec210da3e77b107ca811405321696df"}},"merge":true},{"command":"add_css","data":[{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_k69uGDRFuQ8AMlV6f11iDD2IW0dfVZNoql-v_nWnXHE.css?delta=0\u0026language=nl\u0026theme=custom\u0026include=eJx9ikEWwiAMBS8k9EyRpjUKJC_5VOvpdc2iu3kzU9R5WX0Y1UxP-tzKCGhbAmeVvuf7ALSnP7_mVMgg2mfdyFJUWXkO8RZjn-1BnjftSCFfzkXtvD4eijDF9QSmYE_Rfi7AVxk"},{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_0RxghHOmYtfi7Co5XTdsbxGd8O_MCfUGbh5quRNv13I.css?delta=1\u0026language=nl\u0026theme=custom\u0026include=eJx9ikEWwiAMBS8k9EyRpjUKJC_5VOvpdc2iu3kzU9R5WX0Y1UxP-tzKCGhbAmeVvuf7ALSnP7_mVMgg2mfdyFJUWXkO8RZjn-1BnjftSCFfzkXtvD4eijDF9QSmYE_Rfi7AVxk"}]},{"command":"add_js","selector":"body","data":[{"src":"\/core\/assets\/vendor\/jquery\/jquery.min.js?v=4.0.0-rc.1"},{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/js\/js_urBnv-LLQLUOdr-tMPnEJCKhHPfCrvNUAMMrQmVeBPA.js?scope=footer\u0026delta=1\u0026language=nl\u0026theme=custom\u0026include=eJxLLi0uyc_VzyrWy00s0C3OyUxJLc7IL9dJhouXJCYBABITDks"}]},{"command":"insert","method":"html","selector":"#swiper__dock","data":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022swiper-wrap\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022swiper js-swiper\u0022 data-swiper-pagination=\u0022false\u0022 data-swiper-navigation=\u0022false\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cul class=\u0022swiper-wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n\n        \u003Csection class=\u0022node node--type-map map-slide map-slide--no-image\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n            \n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__poppy\u0022 aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Ch2 class=\u0022map-slide__title\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n                  Perzi\u00eb en Turkije\n\n              \u003C\/h2\u003E\n                \u003Ch2 class=\u0022map-slide__title\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    Persia and Turkey\n  \u003C\/h2\u003E\n\n                \u003Cp class=\u0022map-slide__subtitle\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    Bronnen van opium\n  \u003C\/p\u003E\n\n                \u003Cp class=\u0022map-slide__subtitle\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    Sources of Opium\n  \u003C\/p\u003E\n\n              \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022 class=\u0022button-link map-slide__begin js-swiper__slide-to\u0022 data-slide-to=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EBekijken\u003C\/span\u003E\n              \u003C\/button\u003E\n              \u003Cbutton data-loc=\u0022en\u0022 class=\u0022button-link map-slide__begin js-swiper__slide-to\u0022 data-slide-to=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                \u003Cspan class=\u0022map-slide__back-text button-link__text\u0022\u003EDiscover\u003C\/span\u003E\n              \u003C\/button\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003C\/section\u003E\n\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n                \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapspapaverplukkers-0pngwebpitokxaid-h3x\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/papaverplukkers_0.png?itok=enPutLLE\u0022 title=\u0022Het plukken van papaver in Iran (1800-1900). Bron: Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapspapaverplukkers-0pngwebpitokxaid-h3x\u0022\u003E\n          Het plukken van papaver in Iran (1800-1900). Bron: Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EDe \u2018Papaverplukkers\u2019 in Perzi\u00eb en Turkije hadden hun handen vol aan de opiumteelt voor binnen- en buitenland. Elke boer teelde zijn opium zelfstandig en betrok zijn hele familie bij het werk. Het was zeer arbeidsintensief. De boerenfamilies stonden onder grote druk. Handelaren kochten voorafgaand aan de oogst hun producten in, maar waren niet verplicht zich aan die belofte te houden. Anderzijds waren boeren ook niet verplicht hun producten aan de handelaar te verkopen als zij ergens anders meer geld konden verdienen.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EOpium cultivation and harvesting was particularly hard work for the farmers in Persia and Turkey. Each farmer grew his opium independently and involved his entire family in the labour intensive process. Opium farmers were under great pressure to meet the production demands and maintain their families. Traders purchased the opium prior to harvest, but were not required to keep that promise. On the other hand, farmers were not obliged to sell the opium to the trader if they could earn more money elsewhere.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsshiraz2pngwebpitok-bfqx-cb\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/shiraz2.png?itok=aS5qnS4C\u0022 title=\u0022La moisson d\u2019opium \u00e1 Shiraz (1880). Bron: Leiden University Libraries.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsshiraz2pngwebpitok-bfqx-cb\u0022\u003E\n          La moisson d\u2019opium \u00e1 Shiraz (1880). Bron: Leiden University Libraries.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EDe boeren strooiden drie keer per jaar\u0026nbsp;papaverzaden uit over grote rechthoekige velden, waar ze werden bewaterd door aquaducten. Elke hectare had een opbrengst van 60 (Britse) pond opium.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EThe farmers sowed the seeds in rows of shallow holes on large rectangular fields, which were watered by aqueducts. Each hectare yielded sixty (British) pounds of opium.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsopium-snijder-0jpgwebpitokdn2ohzhv\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/opium_snijder_0.jpg?itok=o5no9gJ1\u0022 title=\u0022Method of extracting the juice from the poppy (1618). Bron: Wellcome Collection.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsopium-snijder-0jpgwebpitokdn2ohzhv\u0022\u003E\n          Method of extracting the juice from the poppy (1618). Bron: Wellcome Collection.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EAls de vruchten half gevormd zijn, tappen de boeren elke avond het melksap uit de\u0026nbsp;vruchten. Het sap wordt in grote potten bewaard waar het door de hitte tot koeken indikt.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EThe harvest begins about two weeks after the petals have dropped and the points of the crown are standing straight out. The tapping is carried out in the late afternoon to make sure that the opium will ooze overnight and coagulate slowly on the surface of the pod. The opium, now a resinous gum, is carefully scraped from the pod. The raw opium was allowed to dry for several weeks, being turned and stirred daily and subsequently stored in clay pots to be collected by wholesalers. Once weighed, tested and valued it was thrown into vast jars, kneaded and pressed into cakes or cannon ball-like spheres.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce the opium was harvested the farmers wasted little of the plant. Seeds were pressed to give both vegetable and lamp oil, the residual plant rests were being used as cattle fodder.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel  js-tab-panel-active \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsopium-smyrajpgwebpitokli-jjvwg\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/opium_smyra.jpg?itok=5ZIrf_LU\u0022 title=\u0022Een stuk \u0026#039;Opium Smyrna.\u0026#039; Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-large-item js-tab-panel \u0022 id=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 role=\u0022tabpanel\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsdscf3248jpgwebpitokysxtcflv\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/dscf3248.jpg?itok=mz5tiJh6\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#039;Opium Smyrna\u0026#039; in pot. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n        \u003C\/figure\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-1\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-1\u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/opium_smyra.jpg.webp?itok=lI-Jjvwg\u0022 title=\u0022Een stuk \u0026#039;Opium Smyrna.\u0026#039; Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            Een stuk \u0026#039;Opium Smyrna.\u0026#039; Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-button js-tab-item\u0022 role=\u0022tab\u0022 id=\u0022image-tab-2\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022image-large-tabpanel-2\u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022 aria-selected=\u0022false\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-thumbnail\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium\/public\/maps\/dscf3248.jpg.webp?itok=YsxTCflV\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#039;Opium Smyrna\u0026#039; in pot. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003E\n            \u0026#039;Opium Smyrna\u0026#039; in pot. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n          \u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n  \u003Cul class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-list\u0022\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra  js-tab-item-extra--active \u0022 data-panel=\u00221\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              Een stuk \u0026#039;Opium Smyrna.\u0026#039; Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n          \u003Cli class=\u0022map-slide__image-caption-item js-tab-item-extra \u0022 data-panel=\u00222\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__thumb-figcaption caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n            \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n            \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022\u003E\n              \u0026#039;Opium Smyrna\u0026#039; in pot. Bron: Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.\n            \u003C\/span\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EDe gedroogde koeken worden door westerse handelaren vanuit Turkije, de Levant en Perzi\u00eb naar Europa gebracht. In de negentiende eeuw koopt de Nederlandse koloniale staat haar opium in Calcutta (India) of in de Levant. Samuel Crumpe, een Ierse arts, beschrijft de opiumkoeken uit het Nabije Oosten in 1793 als volgt: \u003Cem\u003E\u0022The Opium they contain, when cut, appears of a dark brown colour; when reduced to powder, of a yellowish brown; it is of a soft tenacious consistency, especially when much handled; its smell is peculiar, faint, and disagreeable; and its taste bitter pungent, and acrimonious.\u0022\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EThe dried cakes or balls were brought to Europe by Western traders from Turkey, the Levant and Persia. In the nineteenth century, the Dutch colonial state bought its opium in Calcutta (India) or in the Levant. Samuel Crumpe, an Irish physician, describes the Near Eastern opium cakes in 1793 as follows: \u003Cem\u003E\u201cThe Opium they contain, when cut, appears of a dark brown colour; when reduced to powder, of a yellowish brown; it is of a soft tenacious consistency, especially when much handled; its smell is peculiar, faint, and disagreeable; and its taste bitter pungent, and acrimonious.\u201d\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsturkish-drug-shop-wellcome-m0006329jpgwebpitokfrv4s1fo\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/turkish_drug_shop._wellcome_m0006329.jpg?itok=CDQbnXul\u0022 title=\u0022Turkse marktwinkel met papaverbollen in mand. Bron: Wellcome Collection via Wikimedia.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapsturkish-drug-shop-wellcome-m0006329jpgwebpitokfrv4s1fo\u0022\u003E\n          Turkse marktwinkel met papaverbollen in mand. Bron: Wellcome Collection via Wikimedia.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EConstantinopel is \u00e9\u00e9n van de steden waar de \u2018opiumkoeken\u2019 uit het Nabije Oosten werden verhandeld. In de stad was ruwe opium uit verschillende werelddelen en van wisselende kwaliteit verkrijgbaar. De verschillende soorten hadden allemaal een eigen vorm. Opium uit Smyrna, tegenwoordig bekend als Izmir, stond\u0026nbsp;bekend om zijn onregelmatige vorm en zijn hoge werkzaamheid. De opium die in Constantinopel geproduceerd werd had een lens-achtige vorm en een minder hoge werkzaamheid.\u0026nbsp;Andere delen van de papaver, zoals de zaden, werden ook verhandeld. Zo waren papaverbollen te koop bij kleine handelaren op lokale markten.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EConstantinople was one of the cities where the \u0022opium cakes\u0022 from the Near East were traded. Raw opium of varying quality and shape was available in the city. Opium from Smyrna, known today as Izmir, was known for its irregular shape and high potency. The opium produced in Constantinople had a lens-like shape and lower potency.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapspierre-tetar-van-elven-afb-010097002960jpgwebpitokl8cmpcol\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/pierre_tetar_van_elven_afb_010097002960.jpg?itok=dOdBG-C4\u0022 title=\u0022Gravure van de Brakke Grond te Amsterdam. (1852) Bron: Stadsarchief Amsterdam via Wikimedia.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapspierre-tetar-van-elven-afb-010097002960jpgwebpitokl8cmpcol\u0022\u003E\n          Gravure van de Brakke Grond te Amsterdam. (1852) Bron: Stadsarchief Amsterdam via Wikimedia.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EKisten met opium werden ge\u00ebxporteerd en gingen bijvoorbeeld in Amsterdam naar de drogisten (de grossiers in geneesmiddelen) of werden verkocht op veilingen. In de achttiende eeuw was de Brakke Grond de locatie voor veilingen in Amsterdam. Makelaars plaatsten\u0026nbsp;advertenties voor opiumveilingen in kranten.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EBoxes of opium were exported and, for example, bought by wholesalers of medicines in Amsterdam or were sold at the city\u2019s auctions. In the eighteenth century, the Brakke Grond was the location for auctions in Amsterdam. Brokers placed advertisements for opium auctions in newspapers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n  \n\n\n\n\n  \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper-slide\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Csection class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--map-item map-slide\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__card\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cfigure class=\u0022map-slide__large-figure\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapskit-b-al-diry-q-btv1b8422960m-28jpegwebpitokik3q3wfl\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg class=\u0022map-slide__image-large active\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncut_800\/public\/maps\/kit_b_al-diry_q_btv1b8422960m_28.jpeg?itok=t-3b-xlm\u0022 title=\u0022Trait\u00e9 de la th\u00e9riaque (1198). Bron: Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n    \u003C\/figure\u003E\n  \n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__content-inner\u0022\u003E\n                    \n          \n          \n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022caption map-slide__caption\u0022\u003E\n        \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--camera caption__icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-camera\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n        \u003Cspan class=\u0022caption__text\u0022 id=\u0022sitesdefaultfilesstylesmediumpublicmapskit-b-al-diry-q-btv1b8422960m-28jpegwebpitokik3q3wfl\u0022\u003E\n          Trait\u00e9 de la th\u00e9riaque (1198). Bron: Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.\n        \u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n                        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022nl\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EDe effecten van opium zijn al sinds de Oudheid in Europa bekend. In dit Arabische boek uit de twaalfde eeuw is te zien hoe opium wordt verwerkt in het middel Theriak, dat in Europa als \u2018allesheler\u2019 gezien werd.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022map-slide__text\u0022 data-loc=\u0022en\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cp\u003EThe effects of opium have been known in Europe since ancient times. This Arabic book from the twelfth century shows how opium is processed in the drug Theriac, which was seen as a panacea in Europe.\u003C\/p\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/section\u003E\n  \u003C\/li\u003E\n\n\n      \n    \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n        \u003Cdiv class=\u0022js-swiper__pagination swiper__pagination\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cul class=\u0022js-swiper__navigation swiper__navigation-list\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper__navigation-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022js-swiper__prev swiper__navigation-button\u0022\u003E\n          \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--swiper-nav icon--swiper-nav-prev swiper__navigation-icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-swiper-nav-arrow\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003ENaar vorige slide\u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003Cli class=\u0022swiper__navigation-item\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cbutton class=\u0022js-swiper__next swiper__navigation-button\u0022\u003E\n          \n\u003Csvg  aria-hidden=\u0022true\u0022 focusable=\u0022false\u0022 class=\u0022icon icon--swiper-nav icon--swiper-nav-next swiper__navigation-icon\u0022  \u003E\n  \u003Cuse xmlns:xlink=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\u0022\n       xlink:href=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/custom\/dist\/images\/defs\/svg\/sprite.defs.svg?m1c7eodwr18c#icon-swiper-nav-arrow\u0022\u003E\u003C\/use\u003E\n\u003C\/svg\u003E\n          \u003Cspan class=\u0022visually-hidden\u0022\u003ENaar volgende slide\u003C\/span\u003E\n        \u003C\/button\u003E\n      \u003C\/li\u003E\n    \u003C\/ul\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n","settings":{"nfm_settings":{"map":true,"type":"map","dock_id":"swiper__dock"}}}]